References & Bibliography
Clinical foundation for OsteoKit content
Important: AI-generated content in OsteoKit is informed by the sources listed below, but should always be cross-referenced with current literature and clinical guidelines before use in practice. Evidence evolves — treat all content as a starting point, not a substitute for up-to-date clinical judgement.
Research Citations
Kato et al. 2025
Accuracy and Reliability of Physical Signs as a Diagnostic Tool for Cervical Cord Compression: A Cross-Sectional Study
Spine surgery and related research
Ceballos-Laita et al. 2024
Is Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment Clinically Superior to Sham or Placebo for Patients with Neck or Low-Back Pain? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis
Diseases
Jiang et al. 2024
The value of Clinical signs in the diagnosis of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy - A Systematic review and Meta-analysis
Global spine journal
Ceballos-Laita et al. 2022
Effectiveness of osteopathic interventions in patients with non-specific neck pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Complementary Therapies in Medicine
Mansfield et al. 2020
Systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy, reliability, and safety of the sharp-purser test
The Journal of manual & manipulative therapy
Qaseem et al. 2017
Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians
Annals of Internal Medicine
Khare et al. 2015
Lhermitte's Sign: The Current Status
Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology
Smith et al. 2015
Special tests for assessing meniscal tears within the knee: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Evidence-based medicine
Franke et al. 2014
Osteopathic manipulative treatment for nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
van et al. 2013
Methods to diagnose acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a meta-analysis of instrumented knee laxity tests
Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA
van et al. 2013
Methods to diagnose acute anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a meta-analysis of physical examinations with and without anaesthesia
Knee surgery, sports traumatology, arthroscopy : official journal of the ESSKA
Ciesla et al. 2011
Manual muscle testing: a method of measuring extremity muscle strength applied to critically ill patients
Journal of visualized experiments : JoVE
Kirshblum et al. 2011
International standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury (revised 2011)
The journal of spinal cord medicine
Ahmad et al. 2009
The moving patellar apprehension test for lateral patellar instability
The American journal of sports medicine
Uhl et al. 2009
Evaluation of clinical assessment methods for scapular dyskinesis
Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association
Jull et al. 2008
Clinical assessment of the deep cervical flexor muscles: the craniocervical flexion test
Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics
Nord et al. 2008
False positive rate of thoracic outlet syndrome diagnostic maneuvers
Electromyography and clinical neurophysiology
Treleaven 2008
Sensorimotor disturbances in neck disorders affecting postural stability, head and eye movement control
Manual therapy
Ogince et al. 2007
The diagnostic validity of the cervical flexion-rotation test in C1/2-related cervicogenic headache
Manual therapy
Rubinstein et al. 2007
A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of provocative tests of the neck for diagnosing cervical radiculopathy
European Spine Journal
Benjaminse et al. 2006
Clinical diagnosis of an anterior cruciate ligament rupture: a meta-analysis
The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy
Zito et al. 2006
Clinical tests of musculoskeletal dysfunction in the diagnosis of cervicogenic headache
Manual therapy
Cook et al. 2005
Identifiers suggestive of clinical cervical spine instability: a Delphi study of physical therapists
Physical therapy
Karachalios et al. 2005
Diagnostic accuracy of a new clinical test (the Thessaly test) for early detection of meniscal tears
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume
Licciardone et al. 2005
Osteopathic manipulative treatment for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
Ferrante 2004
Brachial plexopathies: classification, causes, and consequences
Muscle & nerve
Zafeiriou 2004
Primitive reflexes and postural reactions in the neurodevelopmental examination
Pediatric neurology
Stiell et al. 2003
The Canadian C-spine rule versus the NEXUS low-risk criteria in patients with trauma
The New England journal of medicine
Wainner et al. 2003
Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of the clinical examination and patient self-report measures for cervical radiculopathy
Spine
Doi et al. 2002
Cervical nerve root avulsion in brachial plexus injuries: magnetic resonance imaging classification and comparison with myelography and computerized tomography myelography
Journal of neurosurgery
Rebain et al. 2002
A systematic review of the passive straight leg raising test as a diagnostic aid for low back pain (1989 to 2000)
Spine
Tong et al. 2002
The Spurling test and cervical radiculopathy
Spine
Gillard et al. 2001
Diagnosing thoracic outlet syndrome: contribution of provocative tests, ultrasonography, electrophysiology, and helical computed tomography in 48 patients
Joint bone spine
Hoffman et al. 2000
Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Group
The New England journal of medicine
Plewa et al. 1998
The false-positive rate of thoracic outlet syndrome shoulder maneuvers in healthy subjects
Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Hole et al. 1995
Reliability and concurrent validity of two instruments for measuring cervical range of motion: effects of age and gender
Manual therapy
Rubinstein et al. 1994
The accuracy of the clinical examination in the setting of posterior cruciate ligament injuries
The American journal of sports medicine
Barnsley et al. 1993
False-positive rates of cervical zygapophysial joint blocks
The Clinical journal of pain
Lindgren et al. 1992
Cervical rotation lateral flexion test in brachialgia
Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation
Vernon et al. 1991
The Neck Disability Index: a study of reliability and validity
Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics
Flanders et al. 1990
Acute cervical spine trauma: correlation of MR imaging findings with degree of neurologic deficit
Radiology
Daniel et al. 1988
Use of the quadriceps active test to diagnose posterior cruciate-ligament disruption and measure posterior laxity of the knee
The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume
Jull et al. 1988
The accuracy of manual diagnosis for cervical zygapophysial joint pain syndromes
The Medical journal of Australia
Davidson et al. 1981
The shoulder abduction test in the diagnosis of radicular pain in cervical extradural compressive monoradiculopathies
Spine
Osteopathic Medicine
Principles of Manual Medicine — 4th ed.
Greenman, P.E. · Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011
An Osteopathic Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment — 3rd ed.
DiGiovanna, E.L., Schiowitz, S., Dowling, D.J. · Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005
Osteopathic Considerations in Systemic Dysfunction — 2nd ed.
Kuchera, M.L., Kuchera, W.A. · Greyden Press, 1994
Orthopaedic Assessment
Orthopedic Physical Assessment — 6th ed.
Magee, D.J. · Elsevier Saunders, 2014
Clinical Guidelines
NICE Clinical Guidelines
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)
nice.org.uk/guidanceResearch Databases
PubMed — Biomedical Literature Database
National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)
Primary source for sensitivity and specificity data cited in orthopaedic test sections.
pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov