References & Bibliography

Clinical foundation for OsteoKit content

Important: AI-generated content in OsteoKit is informed by the sources listed below, but should always be cross-referenced with current literature and clinical guidelines before use in practice. Evidence evolves — treat all content as a starting point, not a substitute for up-to-date clinical judgement.

Research Citations

Grade A

Ceballos-Laita et al. 2024

Is Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment Clinically Superior to Sham or Placebo for Patients with Neck or Low-Back Pain? A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Diseases

DOI PubMed
Non specific neck painNon specific low back pain
Grade B

Ceballos-Laita et al. 2022

Effectiveness of osteopathic interventions in patients with non-specific neck pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Complementary Therapies in Medicine

PubMed
Non specific neck pain
Grade B

Qaseem et al. 2017

Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians

Annals of Internal Medicine

Non specific low back pain
Grade A

Franke et al. 2014

Osteopathic manipulative treatment for nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

DOI
Non specific low back pain
Grade B

Rubinstein et al. 2007

A systematic review of the diagnostic accuracy of provocative tests of the neck for diagnosing cervical radiculopathy

European Spine Journal

PubMed
Non specific neck pain
Grade A

Licciardone et al. 2005

Osteopathic manipulative treatment for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders

Non specific low back pain
Grade A

Rebain et al. 2002

A systematic review of the passive straight leg raising test as a diagnostic aid for low back pain (1989 to 2000)

Spine

Non specific low back pain

Osteopathic Medicine

Principles of Manual Medicine — 4th ed.

Greenman, P.E. · Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011

An Osteopathic Approach to Diagnosis and Treatment — 3rd ed.

DiGiovanna, E.L., Schiowitz, S., Dowling, D.J. · Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005

Osteopathic Considerations in Systemic Dysfunction — 2nd ed.

Kuchera, M.L., Kuchera, W.A. · Greyden Press, 1994

Orthopaedic Assessment

Orthopedic Physical Assessment — 6th ed.

Magee, D.J. · Elsevier Saunders, 2014

Clinical Guidelines

NICE Clinical Guidelines

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE)

nice.org.uk/guidance

Osteopathy Australia Clinical Practice Guidelines

Osteopathy Australia

osteopathy.org.au

Research Databases

PubMed — Biomedical Literature Database

National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)

Primary source for sensitivity and specificity data cited in orthopaedic test sections.

pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov