整骨手法
肌肉能量技術（MET）
Muscle Energy Technique · MET
這是什麼
先把關節或肌肉帶到受限的屏障（barrier）。病人輕輕出力，推向治療師給的等量反作用力；放鬆後，治療師再把關節或肌肉帶到新的屏障。
怎麼做
病人輕輕出力推向治療師，治療師給予等量的反作用力，所以關節不會移動（等長收縮，isometric contraction）。接著病人放鬆，治療師把關節或肌肉帶到新的屏障（barrier）。重複幾次後再重新評估。肌肉能量技術（Muscle Energy Technique, MET）是直接、主動的技術，沒有快速推力（thrust）。
常見做法：輕度出力（約 10–20%），維持 5–10 秒，放鬆 3–5 秒，做 3–5 回。多數部位章節使用 3–5 秒的收縮。
兩種常見形式：等長收縮後放鬆（post-isometric relaxation, PIR，病人往遠離屏障的方向推）與交互抑制（reciprocal inhibition，病人往屏障方向推，利用拮抗肌）。
各部位的 MET 技術
共 31 項技術，取自 StatPearls 的整骨 MET 章節，用我們自己的話整理。完整的擺位與照片請看各章節（每個表格下方有連結），這裡不重製。
頸椎 · 3
| 關節或肌肉 | 做法 | 姿勢 |
|---|---|---|
| 枕寰關節（OA joint） | 把頭帶到屏障（barrier；診斷的每個平面都往相反方向），一手監測枕寰關節。病人試著把頭帶回中立位置 3–5 秒。再找新的屏障，做 3–5 回。 | 仰臥，治療師在頭側 |
| 寰樞關節（AA joint） | 頸部屈曲以鎖住下方各節，頭部轉向屏障。病人往中立位置轉回 3–5 秒，做 3–5 回。 | 仰臥 |
| C2–C7 | 監測關節柱（articular pillar）。把頭帶到屈曲／伸直、側彎與旋轉的屏障。病人往中立位置推回 3–5 秒，做 3–5 回。 | 仰臥 |
胸椎 · 3
| 關節或肌肉 | 做法 | 姿勢 |
|---|---|---|
| 上胸椎（T1–T4） | 以頭頸當作槓桿，監測橫突（transverse process）。病人對抗等量的反作用力，試著把頭帶回正中 3–5 秒，再放鬆 3–5 秒。做 3–5 回，最後做一次被動伸展。 | 坐姿（治療師在後方）或仰臥 |
| 下胸椎（T5–T12） | 以軀幹當作槓桿：雙臂交叉，經由肩膀／腋下帶入側彎，再旋轉到屏障。收縮-放鬆的流程相同。 | 坐姿 |
| 群組彎曲（第一型，中立） | 先治療彎曲的頂點（apex）。 | 坐姿 |
肋骨 · 6
| 關節或肌肉 | 做法 | 姿勢 |
|---|---|---|
| 第 1–2 肋（呼氣型，exhaled） | 握住肋骨角（rib angle），吸氣時往下外側帶。病人手腕放在額頭上，頭轉向對側約 40°。病人閉氣並抬頭（斜角肌）3–5 秒，再放鬆 5 秒；重複。 | 仰臥 |
| 第 3–5 肋（呼氣型） | 同樣握住肋骨角。病人把手臂拉向對側髖部（胸小肌）3–5 秒。 | 仰臥 |
| 第 6–8 肋（呼氣型） | 手臂外展 90°。病人把手臂往前推（前鋸肌）3–5 秒。 | 仰臥 |
| 第 9–10 肋（呼氣型） | 手臂舉過頭。病人把手肘往身體側邊拉下（闊背肌）3–5 秒。 | 仰臥 |
| 第 11–12 肋（呼氣型） | 手臂舉過頭。治療師固定髂前上棘（ASIS）與下方肋骨，吸氣時幫助肋骨往上，呼氣時不讓它掉下來；至少 3 個循環。 | 俯臥 |
| 吸氣型肋骨群（inhaled） | 關鍵肋骨＝該群最下面的一根。治療師在頭側，手指放在關鍵肋骨上緣。屈曲（第 2–5 肋）或側彎（第 6–10 肋）到屏障。病人吐氣並停住 3–5 秒，治療師同時收緊鬆弛的部分；做 3–5 回。 | 仰臥 |
Jawed et al. · StatPearls 2024 · Flodine & Thomas · StatPearls 2023
腰椎與腰大肌 · 4
| 關節或肌肉 | 做法 | 姿勢 |
|---|---|---|
| 腰椎，第一型（中立）群組 | 病人對抗阻力，往側彎與旋轉的方向推：約 30% 力量，3–5 秒，做 3–5 回。 | 坐姿，跨坐在治療床上 |
| 腰椎，第二型屈曲節段 | 先帶到伸直的屏障。病人往屈曲／側彎／旋轉的方向推。 | 坐姿，跨坐在治療床上 |
| 腰大肌（psoas） | 病人把髖部前側往床面壓。治療師再把髖關節帶到更多伸直；3–5 秒，做 3–5 回。 | 俯臥 |
| 腰大肌（psoas） | 一腳垂出床尾，另一膝抱向胸口。病人把膝蓋往上抬；治療師再把髖關節帶入伸直。 | 仰臥 |
Lafans & Troncoso · StatPearls 2024 · Eldemire & Goto · StatPearls 2023
骨盆與梨狀肌 · 6
| 關節或肌肉 | 做法 | 姿勢 |
|---|---|---|
| 梨狀肌（piriformis） | 腳跨過對側膝蓋。治療師把膝蓋往內帶，病人往回推；3–5 秒，做 3 回。 | 仰臥 |
| 恥骨聯合（pubic symphysis） | 屈膝 90° 以上，雙腳併攏。病人先用雙膝夾緊治療師的前臂，再對抗阻力把雙膝往外推（各約數 3 下）。最多 3 回，接著做一個短暫的橋式並重新檢查。 | 仰臥，屈膝 |
| 髖骨（innominate）前旋 | 髖與膝屈曲到屏障。病人把腿往下推（髖伸肌）3–5 秒，做 3–5 回。 | 仰臥 |
| 髖骨後旋 | 腿垂到床側，把膝蓋往下壓、讓髖關節伸直。病人把膝蓋往上抬（髖屈肌）3–5 秒，做 3–5 回。 | 仰臥 |
| 髖骨 inflare（向內） | 4 字姿勢，把膝蓋往床面壓。病人把膝蓋往上抬（內收肌）3–5 秒。 | 仰臥 |
| 髖骨 outflare（向外） | 髖屈曲 90°，把膝蓋往內推。病人往外推（外展肌）3–5 秒。 | 仰臥 |
Malhotra & Bordoni · StatPearls 2023 · Xu & Vilella · StatPearls 2024
薦骨 · 3
| 關節或肌肉 | 做法 | 姿勢 |
|---|---|---|
| 前向扭轉（forward torsion） | 軸側朝下。軀幹旋轉以鎖住 L5 以上，髖屈曲到 S2，雙腿垂到床外。病人把雙腳往天花板抬約 5 秒，做 3–5 回。 | Sims 姿勢（半俯臥側躺） |
| 後向扭轉（backward torsion） | 軸側朝下。軀幹往後旋轉，上方的腿垂到床外。病人把腿往上抬約 5 秒，做 3–5 回。 | 側臥 |
| 單側屈曲或伸直 | 配合呼吸：治療師在一個呼吸期跟著薦骨移動，在另一個呼吸期固定住；做 3–5 個循環。 | 俯臥（伸直型：用手肘撐起上半身） |
肩帶 · 3
| 關節或肌肉 | 做法 | 姿勢 |
|---|---|---|
| 肩鎖關節（AC joint）內旋 | 用「握手」的握法把肩膀帶到外旋的屏障。病人往內旋轉 3–5 秒，做 3–5 回。 | 坐姿 |
| 胸鎖關節（SC joint），鎖骨內收 | 手臂外展 90°、拇指朝下，靠在治療師的大腿上。病人往大腿方向推 3–5 秒。治療師把胸鎖關節往下壓，再外展更多；做 3–5 回。 | 仰臥 |
| 胸鎖關節，鎖骨水平伸直 | 病人的手臂繞過治療師的肩膀。病人把肩胛骨往床面拉 3–5 秒。治療師把胸鎖關節往後推，並把肩膀往前帶；做 3–5 回。 | 仰臥 |
顳顎關節（TMJ） · 1
| 關節或肌肉 | 做法 | 姿勢 |
|---|---|---|
| 顳顎關節（TMJ） | 把下顎骨帶到受限的屏障。病人對抗等量阻力慢慢張嘴 3–5 秒。找新的屏障，做 3–5 回。若病人頭暈或噁心就停止。 | 仰臥，治療師在頭側 |
膝部（腓骨頭） · 2
| 關節或肌肉 | 做法 | 姿勢 |
|---|---|---|
| 腓骨頭（fibular head）前位 | 把腓骨頭往後內側推，足部帶入蹠屈／旋後。病人出力抵抗；3–5 秒，做 3–5 回。 | 仰臥或坐姿，屈膝 90° |
| 腓骨頭後位 | 把腓骨頭往前外側帶，足部帶入背屈／旋前。病人出力抵抗；3–5 秒，做 3–5 回。 | 仰臥或坐姿，屈膝 90° |
迷思 vs 研究
Kay et al. · Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015 · Mitchell et al. · J Sport Rehabil 2007 · Sharman et al. · Sports Med 2006 · Magnusson et al. · J Physiol 1996
Waxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026 · Mitchell et al. · J Sport Rehabil 2009 · Sharman et al. · Sports Med 2006
它可能怎麼幫助病人？
- 目前主流的解釋：神經系統改變了對伸展與疼痛的感知，加上肌肉肌腱僵硬度短暫下降。
- 一項小型研究（12 位無症狀者）發現，腰薦部 MET 後脊髓反射與皮質脊髓興奮性（corticospinal excitability）下降。
- 誠實的提醒：在下背痛方面，考科藍（Cochrane）文獻回顧認為只有低品質證據顯示 MET 加在其他治療上沒有額外效果，也沒有足夠證據判斷它是否有效。
- 其他回顧較為正面：頸痛、外側肘痛與關節活動度。在膕旁肌柔軟度方面，MET 在兩項測量中有一項略優於伸展。
Sharman et al. · Sports Med 2006 · Kay et al. · Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015 · Fryer & Pearce · J Bodyw Mov Ther 2013 · Franke et al. · Cochrane 2015 · Thomas et al. · Chiropr Man Therap 2019 · Kang et al. · Healthcare 2023
身體地圖：MET 在哪裡有評等
點一個部位，看在那裡做的 MET 在各病症頁的評等。內容自動取自各病症頁的等級。
各部位的做法
The neck is positioned against the restricted barrier. The patient gently pushes back toward neutral for 3–5 seconds against equal resistance, relaxes, and the neck is taken to the new barrier. Repeat 3–5 times, then re-check.
- Reference bookStenersen & Bordoni · StatPearls 2024
The muscle is taken to the edge of its available range. The patient makes a light contraction (about 10–20% effort) against an unyielding counterforce for 5–10 seconds, then fully relaxes for 3–5 seconds, and the new range is taken up. Repeat a few times, then re-check.
- Reference bookWaxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026
Usually seated (or side-lying). The lumbar segment is taken to its restricted barrier in side-bending and rotation. The patient gently pushes toward the free direction for 3–5 seconds against equal resistance, relaxes, and the new barrier is taken up. Repeat 3–5 times, then re-check.
- Reference bookLafans & Troncoso · StatPearls 2024
The innominate (or pubis) is taken to its restricted barrier. The patient makes a short, gentle contraction against equal resistance (a few seconds), relaxes, and the new barrier is taken up. Repeat, then re-check pelvic landmarks. Check for pubic dysfunction first, with consent.
- Reference bookXu & Vilella · StatPearls 2024
The hip is taken into extension to the barrier (prone, or supine with the leg off the table). The patient pulls the hip toward flexion for 3–5 seconds against equal resistance, relaxes, and the hip is taken further into extension. Repeat 3–5 times, then re-check.
- Reference bookEldemire & Goto · StatPearls 2023
MET: supine, the affected foot rests beside the opposite knee and the knee is taken across to the barrier; the patient pushes back gently against resistance, relaxes, and the stretch is taken up. Counterstrain: prone, the leg is hung off the table with the hip flexed, abducted and externally rotated until the tender point eases, held 90 seconds.
- Reference bookMalhotra & Bordoni · StatPearls 2023
Seated or supine. The restricted segment is localised (using the head and neck as a lever for T1–T4, the trunk for T5–T12) and taken to its barrier while the transverse process is monitored. The patient gently pushes back toward neutral for a few seconds against equal resistance, relaxes, and the new barrier is taken up. Repeat, then re-check.
- Reference bookTalley & Goto · StatPearls 2023
Treat the matching thoracic segment first, or the rib correction often does not hold. With the patient supine, the practitioner holds the affected rib at its angle. The patient breathes in, holds the breath for 3–5 seconds and gently contracts a muscle attached to that rib (for example the scalenes for ribs 1–2) against equal resistance, then relaxes. Take up the new barrier and repeat.
- Reference bookJawed et al. · StatPearls 2024
Patient supine. Find the restriction by watching the jaw deviate on slow opening and gently gliding the mandible. With the jaw held at the barrier, the patient slowly opens against equal resistance for 3–5 seconds, relaxes, and the jaw is taken to the new barrier. Repeat 3–5 times, then re-check opening.
- Reference bookNahian & Mathew · StatPearls 2023
Take the arm to the barrier in horizontal adduction or internal rotation. The patient gently pushes back (horizontal abduction or external rotation) against equal resistance at 10–20% effort for 5–10 seconds, then relaxes for 3–5 seconds, and the arm is taken to the new barrier. Repeat 3–5 times, then re-check range.
- Journal articleMoore et al. · J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011
- Reference bookWaxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026
- Reference bookDowning & Bordoni · StatPearls 2023
Patient seated or supine. Monitor the AC or SC joint with one hand and use the arm as a lever to take the joint to its barrier (for example, external rotation for an internally rotated AC joint, or more abduction for an adducted clavicle). The patient pushes gently against isometric resistance for 3–5 seconds, relaxes, and the joint is taken to the new barrier. Repeat 3–5 times, then re-check.
- Reference bookDowning & Bordoni · StatPearls 2023
The muscle (for example the hamstrings, adductors or rectus femoris) is taken to its barrier. The patient pushes gently, at about 10–20% effort, against resistance for 5–10 seconds, relaxes for 3–5 seconds, and the new barrier is taken up.
- Reference bookWaxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026
Patient supine or seated with the knee bent to 90°. Draw the fibular head toward its restricted direction while taking the foot to its barrier (plantarflexion and supination, or dorsiflexion and pronation). The patient pushes the ankle gently against resistance for 3–5 seconds, relaxes, and the new barrier is taken up. Repeat 3–5 times, then re-check fibular head motion.
- Reference bookDecker et al. · StatPearls 2024
The calf is taken to its barrier by dorsiflexing the ankle. The patient pushes the foot gently down, at about 10–20% effort, against resistance for 5–10 seconds, relaxes for 3–5 seconds, and the new barrier is taken up.
- Reference bookWaxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026
The wrist or forearm is taken to the barrier of the tight muscle group (wrist extensors or flexors, pronators or supinators). The patient pushes gently back, at about 10–20% effort, against resistance for 5–10 seconds, relaxes for 3–5 seconds, and the new barrier is taken up.
- Reference bookWaxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026
The muscle is taken to its barrier. The patient pushes gently, at about 10–20% effort, against resistance for 5–10 seconds, relaxes for 3–5 seconds, and the new barrier is taken up.
- Reference bookWaxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026
各病症的證據
自動從各病症頁的等級整理出來，每完成一個部位就會增加。
| 病症 | 技術 | 等級 | 重點 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cervical Facet SyndromeNeck | Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7) | C · 證據有限 | One trial in chronic neck pain: MET beat usual physio and matched facet mobilisation. |
| Cervical SpondylosisNeck | Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7) | C · 證據有限 | One small trial in cervical spondylosis. Adding MET improved neck position sense, but not pain or disability. |
| Cervicogenic HeadacheHeadache | Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7) | C · 證據有限 | MET plus exercise ranked among the effective options for short-term headache intensity. This comes from a network meta-analysis, not head-to-head trials. |
| Frozen ShoulderShoulder | Muscle energy, glenohumeral (posterior shoulder) | C · 證據有限 | MET tended to beat usual conservative care in frozen shoulder, with low to very low certainty. Adding MET boosted the Spencer technique's effect. |
| Lumbar Facet SyndromeLower Back | Muscle energy, lumbar | C · 證據有限 | Indirect: from chronic low back pain trials. Small pain benefit in one review, none in a Cochrane review. |
| Non-Specific Low Back PainLower Back | Muscle energy, lumbar | C · 證據有限 | Small pain benefit in one review; a Cochrane review found no added benefit. Trials are small. |
| Non-Specific Neck PainNeck | Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7) | C · 證據有限 | 26 trials, low certainty. Helped pain only when added to other treatment, not on its own. |
| Piriformis SyndromeHip | Muscle energy and counterstrain, piriformis | C · 證據有限 | Two small trials: an MET-based protocol beat positional release, and post-facilitation stretching beat ELDOA. Neither had a sham group. |
| Rotator Cuff TendinopathyShoulder | Muscle energy, thoracic | C · 證據有限 | Thoracic MET beat placebo for pain and disability in shoulder impingement, up to 1 year. This is one trial of 75 patients. |
| Sacroiliac Joint DysfunctionLower Back | Muscle energy, pelvis (innominate and pubis) | C · 證據有限 | MET reduced pain and disability, about as much as other therapies. Small trials. |
| Shoulder Impingement SyndromeShoulder | Muscle energy, thoracic | C · 證據有限 | Thoracic MET beat placebo for pain and disability in shoulder impingement, up to 1 year. This is one trial of 75 patients. |
| Subacromial BursitisShoulder | Muscle energy, thoracic | C · 證據有限 | Thoracic MET beat placebo for pain and disability in shoulder impingement, up to 1 year. This is one trial of 75 patients. |
| Supraspinatus TendonitisShoulder | Muscle energy, thoracic | C · 證據有限 | Thoracic MET beat placebo for pain and disability in shoulder impingement, up to 1 year. This is one trial of 75 patients. |
| Temporomandibular DisorderHeadache | Muscle energy, TMJ (facial MET) | C · 證據有限 | MET to the chewing muscles improved mouth opening, pain and jaw deviation in a review of 7 studies. The studies had risk of bias. |
| Temporomandibular DisorderHeadache | Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7) | C · 證據有限 | Neck manual therapy reduced jaw pain more than placebo, with moderate evidence. MET was not tested on its own. |
| Tennis ElbowElbow | Muscle energy, elbow and forearm | C · 證據有限 | In two small trials, MET did better than a steroid injection at 6 and 12 months, and matched mobilisation with movement when added to home exercise. |
顯示另外 121 個 D 級或「找不到研究」的配對
| Cervical Disc HerniationNeck | Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7) | D · 證據很少 | No trial comparing MET with usual care or sham in radiculopathy was found. |
| Cervical RadiculopathyNeurological | Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7) | D · 證據很少 | No trial comparing MET with usual care or sham in radiculopathy was found. |
| CostochondritisMid Back | Muscle energy, thoracic | D · 證據很少 | No trials. A small case series treating the upper back and ribs with manual therapy and exercise reported improvement. |
| Ehlers-Danlos SyndromeOther | Muscle energy, general (affected muscle) | D · 證據很少 | No trials of this technique on its own in hypermobility. A 2024 scoping review found only weak evidence for manual therapy; exercise and motor training had the best evidence. |
| Golfer's ElbowElbow | Muscle energy, elbow and forearm | D · 證據很少 | No trials in golfer’s elbow. In tennis elbow, MET did better than a steroid injection at 6 and 12 months in one trial. |
| Hypermobility Spectrum DisorderOther | Muscle energy, thoracic | D · 證據很少 | No trials of this technique on its own in hypermobility. A 2024 scoping review found only weak evidence for manual therapy; exercise and motor training had the best evidence. |
| Iliopsoas BursitisHip | Muscle energy, psoas | D · 證據很少 | No trials in iliopsoas bursitis. A reference chapter describes MET and counterstrain procedures for the psoas. |
| Lumbar Disc HerniationLower Back | Muscle energy, lumbar | D · 證據很少 | No trials in disc-related leg pain. Indirect evidence from non-specific low back pain only. |
| Lumbar RadiculopathyNeurological | Muscle energy, lumbar | D · 證據很少 | No trials in disc-related leg pain. Indirect evidence from non-specific low back pain only. |
| Medial Tibial Stress SyndromeFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | D · 證據很少 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in MTSS. Reviews found stretching and strengthening exercise unproven. |
| MigraineHeadache | Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7) | D · 證據很少 | No trials of MET on its own in migraine. Only indirect evidence from whole osteopathic treatment. |
| Mortons NeuromaFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | D · 證據很少 | No trials in Morton neuroma. StatPearls recommends calf and Achilles stretching to cut forefoot pressure from a tight calf (equinus). |
| Myofascial Pain SyndromeOther | Muscle energy, general (affected muscle) | D · 證據很少 | No controlled trials. In one large uncontrolled series, post-isometric relaxation gave immediate relief in most treated muscles. |
| Osgood-Schlatter DiseasePaediatric | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | D · 證據很少 | No trials of MET. Hamstring stretching is a recommended add-on, and stretching looks helpful in a review of low-quality studies. |
| OsteoporosisOther | Muscle energy, lumbar | D · 證據很少 | No trials of this technique on its own in osteoporosis. One small trial found an osteopathic treatment package beat sham for quality of life, but not for pain. |
| Peroneal TendinopathyFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, fibular head (proximal tibiofibular joint) | D · 證據很少 | No trials in peroneal tendinopathy. StatPearls notes fibular head dysfunction can contribute to ankle pain. |
| Perthes DiseasePaediatric | Muscle energy, psoas | D · 證據很少 | No trials of MET. Hip flexor and adductor stretching is part of non-operative care. |
| Plantar FasciitisFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | D · 證據很少 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in plantar fasciitis. Calf and plantar fascia stretching is part of first-line care. |
| Post-Concussion HeadacheHeadache | Muscle energy, thoracic | D · 證據很少 | No trials after concussion. Indirect: neck and vestibular rehab is recommended for lingering neck symptoms. |
| Postural SyndromeOther | Muscle energy, lumbar | D · 證據很少 | No trials of lumbar MET in postural syndrome. In upper crossed syndrome, MET was part of effective exercise programmes. |
| Postural SyndromeOther | Muscle energy, psoas | D · 證據很少 | No trials of psoas MET in postural syndrome. In a 2022 meta-analysis, manual therapy did not change anterior pelvic tilt. |
| Rotator Cuff TearShoulder | Muscle energy, thoracic | D · 證據很少 | No trials in rotator cuff tears. Thoracic MET beat placebo in shoulder impingement in one trial. |
| SciaticaLower Back | Muscle energy, lumbar | D · 證據很少 | No trials in disc-related leg pain. Indirect evidence from non-specific low back pain only. |
| ScoliosisMid Back | Muscle energy, thoracic | D · 證據很少 | No trials of MET in scoliosis. Manual therapy helped only as an add-on to exercise or other care. |
| Sever's DiseasePaediatric | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | D · 證據很少 | No trials of calf MET. Calf stretching is a recommended part of care. |
| SLAP LesionShoulder | Muscle energy, glenohumeral (posterior shoulder) | D · 證據很少 | No trials in SLAP tears. In baseball players, posterior shoulder MET improved range straight away. |
| Tarsal Tunnel SyndromeNeurological | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | D · 證據很少 | No trials found. A reference chapter lists calf stretching as possibly helpful. |
| Tennis ElbowElbow | Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7) | D · 證據很少 | No trials of cervical MET in tennis elbow. Neck manipulation and cervical SNAGs helped as add-ons in trials. |
| Tension HeadacheHeadache | Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7) | D · 證據很少 | No trials of MET on its own in tension-type headache. Manual therapy in general improved pain, frequency and neck movement. |
| Thoracic Facet SyndromeMid Back | Muscle energy, thoracic | D · 證據很少 | No trials in the mid back. Indirect: a review found MET effective for chronic neck pain. |
| Thoracic Mechanical PainMid Back | Muscle energy, thoracic | D · 證據很少 | No trials in the mid back. Indirect: a review found MET effective for chronic neck pain. |
| Thoracic Outlet SyndromeNeck | Muscle energy, scalenes and upper trapezius | D · 證據很少 | No trial of this technique alone. One small trial tested a mixed osteopathic package. |
| Achilles TendinopathyFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in Achilles tendinopathy. |
| ACL InjuryKnee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of hip muscle energy technique in ACL injury. |
| Acromioclavicular Joint SprainShoulder | Muscle energy, AC joint, clavicle and SC joint | 找不到研究 | No trials of AC joint or clavicle MET in AC joint sprains. |
| Acute TorticollisNeck | Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7) | 找不到研究 | No trials of MET in acute torticollis. |
| Adductor StrainHip | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of adductor MET in adductor strain. |
| Adductor StrainHip | Muscle energy, psoas | 找不到研究 | No trials of hip flexor MET in adductor strain. |
| Adductor StrainHip | Muscle energy, pelvis (innominate and pubis) | 找不到研究 | No trials of pelvic MET in adductor strain. |
| Athletic Groin PainHip | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of adductor MET in athletic groin pain. |
| Athletic Groin PainHip | Muscle energy, pelvis (innominate and pubis) | 找不到研究 | No trials of pubic or pelvic MET in athletic groin pain. |
| Baker's CystKnee | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in Baker cysts. |
| Calcific TendinitisShoulder | Muscle energy, thoracic | 找不到研究 | No trials of thoracic MET in calcific tendinitis. |
| Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (Neurological)Neurological | Muscle energy, elbow and forearm | 找不到研究 | No trials of forearm muscle energy technique in carpal tunnel syndrome. |
| Chondromalacia PatellaKnee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of quadriceps muscle energy technique in chondromalacia patellae. |
| Claw ToeFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in claw toe. |
| CoccydyniaLower Back | Muscle energy and counterstrain, piriformis | 找不到研究 | No trials of piriformis MET or counterstrain in coccydynia. |
| Complex Regional Pain SyndromeOther | Muscle energy, thoracic | 找不到研究 | No trials of thoracic or lumbar muscle energy technique in CRPS. |
| Costovertebral Joint SprainMid Back | Muscle energy, ribs | 找不到研究 | No trials of rib muscle energy technique in costovertebral joint sprain. |
| Cubital Tunnel SyndromeElbow | Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7) | 找不到研究 | No trials of cervical muscle energy technique in cubital tunnel syndrome. |
| De Quervain's TenosynovitisWrist & Hand | Muscle energy, elbow and forearm | 找不到研究 | No trials of forearm muscle energy technique in De Quervain tenosynovitis. |
| Double Crush SyndromeElbow | Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7) | 找不到研究 | No trials of cervical muscle energy technique in double crush syndrome. |
| Dupuytren's ContractureWrist & Hand | Muscle energy, elbow and forearm | 找不到研究 | No trials of forearm muscle energy technique in Dupuytren disease. |
| Elbow MCL SprainElbow | Muscle energy, elbow and forearm | 找不到研究 | No trials of forearm muscle energy technique in elbow UCL sprain. |
| Elbow MCL SprainElbow | Muscle energy, glenohumeral (posterior shoulder) | 找不到研究 | No trials of shoulder muscle energy technique in elbow UCL sprain. |
| Fat Pad Syndrome (Hoffa's)Knee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of quadriceps muscle energy technique in fat pad syndrome. |
| Femoroacetabular ImpingementHip | Muscle energy and counterstrain, piriformis | 找不到研究 | No trials of deep hip rotator MET in FAI. |
| Freiberg's DiseaseFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in Freiberg disease. |
| Glenohumeral InstabilityShoulder | Muscle energy, glenohumeral (posterior shoulder) | 找不到研究 | No trials of glenohumeral MET in shoulder instability. |
| Gluteal BursitisHip | Muscle energy, psoas | 找不到研究 | No trials of hip flexor MET in gluteal bursitis. |
| Gluteal TendinopathyHip | Muscle energy, pelvis (innominate and pubis) | 找不到研究 | No trials of pelvic MET in gluteal tendinopathy. |
| Golfer's ElbowElbow | Muscle energy, glenohumeral (posterior shoulder) | 找不到研究 | No trials of shoulder muscle energy technique in medial epicondylitis. |
| Greater Trochanteric Pain SyndromeHip | Muscle energy, psoas | 找不到研究 | No trials of hip flexor MET in GTPS. |
| Guyon's Canal SyndromeWrist & Hand | Muscle energy, elbow and forearm | 找不到研究 | No trials of forearm muscle energy technique in Guyon canal syndrome. |
| Hallux RigidusFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in hallux rigidus. |
| Hallux ValgusFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in hallux valgus. |
| Hammer ToeFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in hammertoe. |
| Hamstring StrainHip | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of hamstring MET in hamstring strain. |
| Heel Fat Pad SyndromeFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in heel fat pad syndrome. |
| Hip Flexor StrainHip | Muscle energy, psoas | 找不到研究 | No trials of psoas MET in hip flexor strain. |
| Hip Labral TearHip | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of hip MET in hip labral tears. |
| Hip OsteoarthritisHip | Muscle energy and counterstrain, piriformis | 找不到研究 | No trials of piriformis MET in hip osteoarthritis. |
| Iliopsoas TendinopathyHip | Muscle energy, psoas | 找不到研究 | No trials of psoas MET in iliopsoas tendinopathy. |
| Infrapatellar BursitisKnee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of hip muscle energy technique in infrapatellar bursitis. |
| Ischial BursitisHip | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of hip MET in ischial bursitis. |
| ITB Friction Syndrome – HipHip | Muscle energy, lumbar | 找不到研究 | No trials of lumbar or sacroiliac MET in ITB pain at the hip. |
| ITB SyndromeKnee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of TFL muscle energy technique in ITB syndrome. |
| Knee OsteoarthritisKnee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of hip muscle energy technique in knee osteoarthritis. |
| LCL SprainKnee | Muscle energy, fibular head (proximal tibiofibular joint) | 找不到研究 | No trials of fibular head MET in LCL sprains. |
| LCL SprainKnee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of hip muscle energy technique in LCL sprains. |
| Lumbar Facet SyndromeLower Back | Muscle energy, psoas | 找不到研究 | No trials of psoas MET in facet syndrome. |
| Lumbar Spinal StenosisLower Back | Muscle energy, lumbar | 找不到研究 | No trials of lumbar MET in spinal stenosis. |
| Mallet FingerWrist & Hand | Muscle energy, elbow and forearm | 找不到研究 | No trials of forearm muscle energy technique in mallet finger. |
| MCL SprainKnee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of hamstring or adductor muscle energy technique in MCL sprains. |
| Meniscal InjuryKnee | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in meniscal tears. |
| Meralgia ParaestheticaNeurological | Muscle energy, psoas | 找不到研究 | No trials of psoas MET in meralgia paraesthetica. |
| MetatarsalgiaFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in metatarsalgia. |
| MyalgiaOther | Muscle energy, general (affected muscle) | 找不到研究 | No trials of muscle energy technique in myalgia. |
| Myositis Ossificans – KneeKnee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of hip muscle energy technique in myositis ossificans. |
| Myositis Ossificans – ThighHip | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of hip muscle energy technique in myositis ossificans. |
| Occipital NeuralgiaHeadache | Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7) | 找不到研究 | No trials of cervical MET in occipital neuralgia. |
| Olecranon BursitisElbow | Muscle energy, elbow and forearm | 找不到研究 | No trials of forearm muscle energy technique in olecranon bursitis. |
| Osteitis PubisHip | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of adductor MET in osteitis pubis. |
| Osteitis PubisHip | Muscle energy, pelvis (innominate and pubis) | 找不到研究 | No trials of pubic MET in osteitis pubis. |
| Patella DislocationKnee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of hip muscle energy technique in patellar dislocation. |
| Patellar TendinopathyKnee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of quadriceps muscle energy technique in patellar tendinopathy. |
| Patellar TendinopathyKnee | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in patellar tendinopathy. |
| Patellofemoral Pain SyndromeKnee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of quadriceps muscle energy technique in patellofemoral pain. |
| PCL InjuryKnee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of hip muscle energy technique in PCL injury. |
| Pes Anserine BursitisKnee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of hamstring or adductor muscle energy technique in pes anserine bursitis. |
| Posterior Calcaneal BursitisFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in posterior calcaneal bursitis. |
| Prepatellar BursitisKnee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of quadriceps muscle energy technique in prepatellar bursitis. |
| Psoas StrainHip | Muscle energy, psoas | 找不到研究 | No trials of psoas MET in psoas strain. |
| Quadriceps StrainKnee | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of rectus femoris muscle energy technique in quadriceps strain. |
| Radial Tunnel SyndromeElbow | Muscle energy, elbow and forearm | 找不到研究 | No trials of forearm muscle energy technique in radial tunnel syndrome. |
| Retrocalcaneal BursitisFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in retrocalcaneal bursitis. |
| Sartorius StrainHip | Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles | 找不到研究 | No trials of hip flexor MET in sartorius strain. |
| Scheuermann's DiseaseMid Back | Muscle energy, thoracic | 找不到研究 | No trials of thoracic MET in Scheuermann's disease. |
| SciaticaLower Back | Muscle energy and counterstrain, piriformis | 找不到研究 | No trials of piriformis MET or counterstrain in sciatica. |
| SesamoiditisFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in sesamoiditis. |
| Skier's ThumbWrist & Hand | Muscle energy, elbow and forearm | 找不到研究 | No trials of forearm muscle energy technique in thumb UCL injury. |
| SLAP LesionShoulder | Muscle energy, thoracic | 找不到研究 | No trials of thoracic MET in SLAP tears. |
| SpondylolisthesisLower Back | Muscle energy, psoas | 找不到研究 | No trials of psoas MET in spondylolisthesis. |
| Sternoclavicular Joint InjuryShoulder | Muscle energy, AC joint, clavicle and SC joint | 找不到研究 | No trials of SC joint or clavicle MET in SC joint injuries. |
| TFCC InjuryWrist & Hand | Muscle energy, elbow and forearm | 找不到研究 | No trials of forearm muscle energy technique in TFCC injury. |
| Thoracic Disc HerniationMid Back | Muscle energy, thoracic | 找不到研究 | No trials of thoracic MET in thoracic disc herniation. |
| Thoracic RadiculopathyNeurological | Muscle energy, thoracic | 找不到研究 | No trials of thoracic MET in thoracic radiculopathy. |
| Tibialis Posterior TendinopathyFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in tibialis posterior tendinopathy. |
| Turf ToeFoot & Ankle | Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus) | 找不到研究 | No trials of calf muscle energy technique in turf toe. |
| Whiplash Associated DisorderNeck | Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7) | 找不到研究 | No trials of MET in whiplash. |
| Wrist SprainWrist & Hand | Muscle energy, elbow and forearm | 找不到研究 | No trials of forearm muscle energy technique in wrist sprain. |
注意事項
何時不要使用 MET
- 不要使用：治療部位有急性骨折或脫位；關節感染；骨惡性腫瘤；頸椎不穩定（治療頸部時）。
Waxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026 · Talley & Goto · StatPearls 2023
- 先做頸椎影像檢查：類風濕性關節炎（rheumatoid arthritis）或唐氏症病人有頸痛時（上頸椎可能不穩定）。
- 小心使用、減輕力量：嚴重骨質疏鬆（肋骨骨折風險）、限制肌肉收縮的近期手術、體力很差或病情嚴重的病人、近期肌肉／肌腱／韌帶撕裂、已知韌帶鬆弛。
Waxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026 · Talley & Goto · StatPearls 2023 · Jawed et al. · StatPearls 2024
- 病人必須能配合指令。
Waxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026 · Talley & Goto · StatPearls 2023
- 用力過大可能造成肌腱撕脫（年長者）或肋骨骨折（骨質疏鬆）。使用剛好能帶動該節段的最小力量。治療後隔天痠痛很常見。
Waxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026 · Talley & Goto · StatPearls 2023
- 顳顎關節（TMJ）：若出現頭暈或噁心就停止。
各部位的注意事項（15）
Muscle energy, cervical (C2–C7)
Do not use with fracture, dislocation, infection or muscle tear. Take care with cervical instability (check for it in rheumatoid arthritis and Down syndrome), other rheumatological disease, and recent heart attack or surgery. Use the least force needed, especially in older patients.
- Reference bookStenersen & Bordoni · StatPearls 2024
- Reference bookWaxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026
Muscle energy, lumbar
Do not use after recent lumbar surgery, or with spinal fracture, acute cord compression, cauda equina syndrome, cancer in the spine, spinal infection (osteomyelitis) or severe osteoporosis. Use gentler options in frail patients and in anyone who cannot follow instructions.
- Reference bookLafans & Troncoso · StatPearls 2024
Muscle energy, pelvis (innominate and pubis)
Do not use if the contraction causes severe pain, with a fracture or unstable joint in the area, or after recent surgery.
- Reference bookXu & Vilella · StatPearls 2024
Muscle energy, psoas
Do not use with a fracture in the area, an unstable pelvis or hip, recent surgery, or a patient who cannot contract on request or follow directions.
- Reference bookEldemire & Goto · StatPearls 2023
Muscle energy and counterstrain, piriformis
Do not use with a fracture, torn ligament or tendon, joint instability, recent surgery, active infection or open wounds. Not for neuropathic pain or pain caused by infection.
- Reference bookMalhotra & Bordoni · StatPearls 2023
Muscle energy, thoracic
Do not use with an acute fracture or dislocation. Recent ligament, tendon or muscle injury may make it unsuitable, and spasm driven by the central nervous system responds poorly. The patient must be able to follow instructions.
- Reference bookTalley & Goto · StatPearls 2023
Muscle energy, ribs
Do not use with a rib fracture, recent spinal injury, known ligament laxity, skin or muscle infection over the area, or cancer that has spread to the ribs. The patient must be able and willing to take part.
- Reference bookJawed et al. · StatPearls 2024
Muscle energy, TMJ (facial MET)
Stop if dizziness or nausea appears. Reconsider with a jaw fracture, an unstable joint, recent surgery or low vitality.
- Reference bookNahian & Mathew · StatPearls 2023
Muscle energy, glenohumeral (posterior shoulder)
Very safe, but not used with a fracture, a ruptured ligament, tendon or muscle, or a joint infection.
- Reference bookDowning & Bordoni · StatPearls 2023
Muscle energy, AC joint, clavicle and SC joint
Very safe, but not used with a fracture, a ruptured ligament, tendon or muscle, a joint infection, or when no dysfunction is found.
- Reference bookDowning & Bordoni · StatPearls 2023
Muscle energy, hip and thigh muscles
Not used with an acute fracture, a joint infection or a bone malignancy; take care with severe osteoporosis or after surgery that limits muscle contraction. Use the least force needed: too much can tear a muscle or pull off a tendon, especially in older patients.
- Reference bookWaxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026
Muscle energy, fibular head (proximal tibiofibular joint)
Not used with an acute ankle sprain or a lax ankle, an acute fibular fracture or a deep vein thrombosis, or when positioning could aggravate an acute injury.
- Reference bookDecker et al. · StatPearls 2024
Muscle energy, calf (gastrocnemius and soleus)
Not used with an acute fracture, a joint infection or a bone malignancy; take care with severe osteoporosis or after surgery that limits muscle contraction. Use the least force needed: too much can tear a muscle or pull off a tendon, especially in older patients.
- Reference bookWaxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026
Muscle energy, elbow and forearm
Not used with an acute fracture, a joint infection or a bone malignancy; take care with severe osteoporosis or after surgery that limits muscle contraction. Use the least force needed: too much can tear a muscle or pull off a tendon, especially in older patients.
- Reference bookWaxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026
Muscle energy, general (affected muscle)
Not used with an acute fracture, a joint infection or a bone malignancy; take care with severe osteoporosis or after surgery that limits muscle contraction. Use the least force needed: too much can tear a muscle or pull off a tendon, especially in older patients.
- Reference bookWaxenbaum & Sina · StatPearls 2026
一定要先看病症頁的紅旗。需要先轉介的病症沒有技術卡片。
參考文獻
- Franke H, Fryer G, Ostelo RW, Kamper SJ. Muscle energy technique for non-specific low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2015(2):CD009852. 連結
- Thomas E, Cavallaro AR, Mani D, Bianco A, Palma A. The efficacy of muscle energy techniques in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects: a systematic review. Chiropr Man Therap. 2019;27:35. 連結
- Kang YH, Ha WB, Geum JH, et al. Effect of Muscle Energy Technique on Hamstring Flexibility: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare (Basel). 2023;11(8):1089. 連結
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- Mitchell UH, Myrer JW, Hopkins JT, Hunter I, Feland JB, Hilton SC. Neurophysiological reflex mechanisms' lack of contribution to the success of PNF stretches. J Sport Rehabil. 2009;18(3):343-57. 連結
- Mitchell UH, Myrer JW, Hopkins JT, Hunter I, Feland JB, Hilton SC. Acute stretch perception alteration contributes to the success of the PNF "contract-relax" stretch. J Sport Rehabil. 2007;16(2):85-92. 連結
- Kay AD, Husbands-Beasley J, Blazevich AJ. Effects of Contract-Relax, Static Stretching, and Isometric Contractions on Muscle-Tendon Mechanics. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2015;47(10):2181-90. 連結
- Magnusson SP, Simonsen EB, Aagaard P, Sørensen H, Kjaer M. A mechanism for altered flexibility in human skeletal muscle. J Physiol. 1996;497 ( Pt 1)(Pt 1):291-8. 連結
- Fryer G, Pearce AJ. The effect of muscle energy technique on corticospinal and spinal reflex excitability in asymptomatic participants. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2013;17(4):440-7. 連結
- Smith M, Fryer G. A comparison of two muscle energy techniques for increasing flexibility of the hamstring muscle group. J Bodyw Mov Ther. 2008;12(4):312-7. 連結
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- Stenersen B, Bordoni B. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: Muscle Energy Procedure - Cervical Vertebrae. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; updated 29 Feb 2024. 連結
- Talley JT, Goto KK. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: Muscle Energy Procedure With Post-Isometric Relaxation - Thoracic Vertebrae. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; updated 11 Sep 2023. 連結
- Jawed M, Woo MJ, Bordoni B. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: Muscle Energy Procedure - Exhaled Ribs. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; updated 29 Jan 2024. 連結
- Flodine TE, Thomas M. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: Inhaled Rib Dysfunction. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; updated 8 Aug 2023. 連結
- Lafans K, Troncoso V. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: Muscle Energy Procedure - Lumbar Vertebrae. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; updated 27 Feb 2024. 連結
- Eldemire F, Goto KK. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: Muscle Energy and Counterstrain Procedures - Psoas. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; updated 8 Aug 2023. 連結
- Malhotra R, Bordoni B. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: Muscle Energy and Counterstrain - Piriformis. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; updated 28 Aug 2023. 連結
- Xu E, Vilella RC. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: Muscle Energy Procedure - Pelvic Dysfunctions. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; updated 30 Jan 2024. 連結
- McParland, Sina, DeLuca. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: Muscle Energy Procedure - Sacral Dysfunctions. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; updated 1 Mar 2024. 連結
- Downing M, Bordoni B. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: Muscle Energy Procedure - AC Joint, Clavicle, SC Joint. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; updated 24 Jul 2023. 連結
- Nahian A, Mathew J Jr. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: Facial Muscle Energy, Direct MFR, and BLT Procedure – for TMJ Dysfunction. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; updated 12 Feb 2023. 連結
- Decker N, Sina RE, Pozun A. Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: Muscle Energy and HVLA Procedures - Fibular Head Dysfunction. StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing; updated 26 Feb 2024. 連結
論文：已於 2026/11/14 閱讀摘要，並依 PubMed 紀錄建立引用。StatPearls 章節於 2026/11/14 閱讀，並用我們自己的話描述。